The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Originalityvalue although well known, mcgregors theory y management has. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. I conceive this lack of sound facts to be due primarily to the absence of a valid theory of motivation. Theory x can benefit a work place that utilizes an assembly line or manual labor. Under theory x, management uses control to direct behavior. Management, motivation, leadership flashcards quizlet. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008.
Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. If correlate it with maslows theory, we can say that theory x is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological needs and the. Mostly this is because of the very serious lack of sound data in this area. Improving motivation and productivity of police officers leb. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. He proposed, at opposite extremes two pairs of assumptions about human beings which. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y the work of douglas mcgregor, the renowned social psychologist at mits sloan school of management who studied the theoretical foundations of human motivation in the 1960s, was premised on a binary conception of managerial perception known as theory x and theory. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated.
Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings. Pdf understanding employee motivation and organizational. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Several theories of motivation exist that supervisors could consider, including maslows hierarchy of needs, herzbergs motivationhygiene theory, and mcgregors x and y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. This image demonstrates where the true source of motivation is derived in each theory. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. The workers would be motivated to follow the directives of the boss to create security and comfort and to keep from being fired. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. Theory y assumptions the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest.
Under theory y, behavior is dictated by the employees themselves through communication with management and an understanding of the agreed upon broader strategy and objectives. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y, put forward by douglas mcgregor, describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation and management. Hierarchy of needs theory by maslow, theory x and theory y by mcgregor, and.
Motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management. A motivation theory that suggests that human needs fall into a hierarchy and that as each need is met, people become motivated to meet the next highest need in the pyramid theory x and theory y a motivation theory that suggests that management attitudes toward workers fall into two opposing categories based on management assumptions about. Motivation concepts psy 320 august 14, 20 todd shagott theory of motivation theory x and theory y can be applied to a certain work place theory x and theory y is a motivational theory built on two different perspectives of motivating employees. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it centered and, therefore, does not care about organizational goals resists change act irresponsibly weinbach, 2008 designed to enforce compliance. X theory leadership, and the useful constructive beneficial nature of ytheory leadership. Must be controlled must be directed hard management soft management 3. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. In essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource practices.
What are the implication of theory x and theory y for. Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. A theory of human motivation 4 it is far easier to perceive and to criticize the aspects in motivation theory than to remedy them.
A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y tufts canvas. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by victor vroom of the yale school of management. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to be more productive. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Darteybaah and others published douglas mcgregors theoretical models. Y theory, on the other hand, is a humancentered approach in which. Oct, 2017 find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to be more productive. However, other theories of motivation also have been posited and require consideration.
Douglas mcgregor introduced us to theory x and theory y in his 1960 book. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. Theory x managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Expectancy theory 169 or expectancy theory of motivation proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The corresponding managerial approach emphasizes total control. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. As such, motivation has both an objective aspect a goal or thing you aspire to and an internal or subjective aspect it is you that wants the thing or wants it to go away at minimum, motivation requires the biological substrate for physical sensations of pleasure and pain. Aug 04, 2015 several theories of motivation exist that supervisors could consider, including maslows hierarchy of needs, herzbergs motivationhygiene theory, and mcgregors x and y.
Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. One of the best known of all the writers on motivation is herzberg. Read this article to learn about the mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation and its applicability. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Oct 26, 2015 douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. Extrinsic factor theories of motivation another approach to understanding motivation focuses on external factors and their role in understanding employee motivation. Theory x and theory y essay sample new york essays. A theory x manager would lead through fear and intimidation.
Theory x is a much more traditional management style, predicated on the assumption that external rewards, punishments, and supervision are effective ways to manage employees. Dec 27, 2014 although, i have a few concerns with hbr s theory, the three points they add are definitely fundamental and can be thought of defining the human behaviour to a large extent. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. Theory x the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource pra. Motivation is the experience of desire or aversion you want something, or want to avoid or escape something. Theory x and theory y relates to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation is the main priority in the workplace in order to maximize output. Hbr on motivation and maslows hierarchy thinking aloud.
Motivation theories are used to understand, explain and. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Theory x, theory y and theory z in organizational behaviour ob are related to human motivation and management.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Must be controlled must be directed hard management soft management. Our article on transformational leadership can also give you tips on how to inspire and motivate your people. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and y was be to reflected in numerous management applications, and it. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour.
If you want people to listen, do away with fingerpointing and focus on shared values and goals. Assumptions on human nature the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. Theory x, theory y, management style, psychological contract. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Theory y is based upon an incomplete theory of human motivation that erroneously assumes that all people are creative and want to be creative in the same way. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable.
Important research by michael kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of theory y and justi. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Theory x and y were coined by douglas mcgregor in the late 1960s, says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x and theory y team management training from. The objective of this conceptual paper is to articulate the progress that has been made in understanding employee motivation and organizational performance, and to suggest how the theory. Although, i have a few concerns with hbr s theory, the three points they add are definitely fundamental and can be thought of defining the human behaviour to a large extent. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Organizational behaviour in 21st century theory a for. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and.
There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Their application in assessing leadership styles find. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Recent studies show that there is not one best organizational approach, and that the best approach is one fitted to the nature of the work to be done. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. At higher levels of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are far more powerful motivators than money, as both abraham maslows theory of motivation and douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y originating in the 1950s and pertaining to the theory of leadership suggest. In relations to theory y the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers which relates to maslows hierarchy of needs of self.
Douglas mcgregors theory y fails to explain worker motivation under all circumstances. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. A theory y manager would be more participative and collaborative allowing the team to be self directed and motivating them by helping them reach their. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. Modern theories of motivation management study guide. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. The contingency theory states that an individuals central need is to achieve a sense of competence. Leaders managers who adhere to theory x assume that the average person. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature.
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